Methods and compositions for treating bacterial and protozoan infections

ABSTRACT

THIS INVENTION RELATES TO A NOVEL PROCESS FOR PREPARING ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS AND TO NOVEL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR USING THEM. IT IS PARTICULARLY DIRECTED TO A NOVEL PROCESS FOR PREPARING 3-PHOSPHATE ESTERS OF LINCOROYCIN, OF ANALOGS THEREOF, AND OF CELESTICETINS. THE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY THE PROCESS OF THE INVENTION CAN BE SHOWN BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA:   2-(R-S-),3,5-DI(HO-),4-(P-O-),6-((1-R2,3-R1-PYRROLIDIN-   5-YL)-CO-NH-CH(-CH(-X)-CH3)-)TETRAHYDROPYRAN   WHEREIN R IS CH3,C2H5OR   (2-(HO-)PHENYL)-COO-CH2-CH2-   R1 IS H, OR CIS OR TRANS LOWER-ALKYL F FROM 1 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS, INCLUSIVE; R2 IS H, CH3, OR C2H5;X IS OH, CHLORINE, OR BROMINE, EACH IN THE (R) OR (S) CONFIGURATION, OR-OCH3; AND P IS   -P(=O)(-OH)2   AND SALTS THEREOF. EXAMPLES OF ALKYL OF FROM 1 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS ARE METHYL, ETHYL, PROPYL, BUTYL, PENTYL, HEXYL, HEPTYL, AND OCTY! AND ISOMERS THEREOF.

United States Patent Qffice 3,641,244 Patented Feb. 8, 1972 US. Cl. 424-481 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to a novel process for preparing antibacterial compounds and to novel compositions and methods for using them. It is particularly directed to a novel process for preparing 3-phosphate esters of lincomycin, of analogs thereof, and of celesticetins. The compounds produced by the process of the invention can be shown by the following formula:

wherein R is CH C H or R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and P is and salts thereof.

Examples of alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl and isomers thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 768,879, filed on Oct. 18, 1968, now US. Pat. 3,544,552.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The compounds of the invention are prepared by incorporating a compound, as defined in Formula I, wherein P at the 3-position of the molecule is hydrogen, in a Streptornyees fermentation, or incubating said compound in a cell-free extract from a Streptomyces culture, and transforming the compound into a phosphate 3-ester.

Heretofore, phosphorylation on the 3-position of the lin comycin or celesticetin (wherein R is R and R are H, and X is OCH molecule was unknown and there is no known prior art method for accomplishing such a phosphorylation. Lincomycin-Z-phosphate esters are prepared by chemical synthesis by first condensing lincomycin or analogs thereof with an aromatic aldehyde to produce 3,4-O-arylidene lincomycin. This compound is tritylated, if it contains a 7-hydroxy group, to form 7-O-trityl-3,4-O-arylidene lincomycin which is then phosphorylated to form the corresponding 3,4-O-arylidene lincomycin-Z-phosphate. Upon removal of the protective groups there is obtained lincomycin-Z-phosphate or analogues thereof. As is evident, the above process cannot be used to produce a 1incomycin-3-phosphate since the condensation step with an aromatic aldehyde covers up the 3-position of the lincomycin molecule.

The compounds produced by the process of the invention, though antibacterially inactive in vitro, are activated when used in vivo. Presumably, this activation in vivo is comparable to the reactivation of the lincomycin compound in vitro by contacting the phosphorylated lincomycin compound with alkaline phosphatase. The compounds produced by the process of the invention are particularly useful for oral administration to animals, including mammals, because they lack the bitter taste of lincomycin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The lincomycin compounds, herein defined as starting materials, can be prepared by procedures disclosed in various patents, publications and patent applications. These are as follows:

Lincomycin-U.S. Pat. 3,086,912

With reference to Formula I, wherein:

R=Methyl or ethylU.S. Pat. 3,380,992 (Specification and Example 12) R -=cis or trans alkyl to 8 carbon atoms-U.S. Pat.

3,3 80,992 (Specification and Example 1) R =Hydrogen 01' alkyl to 8 carbon atoms-US. Pat. 3,380,992 (Specification and Examples 1E and 1G+H) X= ('S)OHU.S. Pat. 3,380,992 (Specification and Example ll-D) X: (R) or (S) C1 or Br-Belgium Pat. 676,202

US. Pat. 3,496,163

X=(R) or (S)--U.S. Pat. 3,496,163

Celesticetin-US. Pat. 2,928,844

4' Depropyl 4' ethyl lincomycin, wherein R is CH R is ethyl, R is CH and X is OH in Formula I can be prepared by the procedure disclosed in Examples 1 and 2 of US. Pat. 3,359,164 wherein said compound is named lincomycin B.

l'-Demethyl-l'-ethyl lincomycin, wherein R is CH R is n-propyl, R is ethyl, and X is OH in Formula I can be prepared by the procedure disclosed in Examples 1 and 2 of US. Pat. 3,359,163 wherein said compound is named lincomycin C.

1'-Demethyl lincomycin, wherein R is CH B is npropyl, R is H and X is OH in Formula I can be prepared by the procedure disclosed in Example 1 of US. Pat. 3,329,568 wherein said compound is named lincomycin D.

Of the above compounds, the compound 7 (S)-chloro- 7-deoxy-lincomycin is also presently known by the generic name clindamycin. It was formerly known as clinimycm.

The lincomycin compounds or analogs thereof, and celesticetin, as described above, can be phosphorylated by incorporating the unphosphorylated compound in a Streptomyces fermentation containing a phosphorylating enzyme, or incubating the unphosphorylated compound with a cell-free extract from a Streptomyces culture wherein said cell-free extract contains the necessary phosphorylating enzyme. For example, upon adding lincomycin hydrochloride to a Streptomyces rochei, NRRL 3512, fermentation there is produced lincomycin 3-phosphate; upon adding clindamycin hydrochloride, there is obtained clindamycin 3-phosphate. Upon incubating lincomycin with a cell-free extract from a Streptomyces culture, there is obtained lincomycin-S-phosphate; upon incubating clindamycin with a cell-free extract from a Streptomyces culture, there is obtained clindamycin-3-phosphate.

The above fermentation can be conducted in an aqueous nutrient medium under submerged aerobic conditions. It is to be understood also that for the preparation of limited amounts of phosphorylated compounds, surface cultures and bottles can be employed. The organism used in the fermentation is grown in a nutrient medium containing a carbon source, for example, an assimilable carbohydrate and a nitrogen source, for example, an assimilable nitrogen compound or proteinaceous material. Preferred carbon sources include glucose, brown sugar, sucrose, glycerol, starch, cornstarch, lactose, dextrin, molasses,, and the like. Preferred nitrogen sources include corn steep liquor. yeast, autolyzed brewers yeast with milk solids, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, cornmeal, milk solids, pancreatic digest of casein, distillers solubles, animal peptone liquors, meat and bone scraps, and the like. Combinations of these carbon and nitrogen sources can be used advantageously. Trace metals, for example, zinc, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, iron and the like need not be added to the fermentation media since tap water and unpurified ingredients are used as media components.

Phosphorylation can be efiected at any temperature conductive to satisfactory growth of the Streptomyces culture, for example, between about 18 and 40 C., and preferably between about 20 and 37 C.

When a Streptomyces fermentation, as described above, is used to phosphorylate lincomycin or an analog thereof, as herein defined, or celesticetin, on the 3 position of the molecule, the lincomycin or celesticetin compound (unphosphorylated compound) can be added prior to inoculation of the fermentation medium. Alternatively, the unphosphorylated compound can be added in small increments during the fermentation cycle so long as the addition is not too late in the fermentation cycle to accomplish the desired phosphorylation of all the unphosphorylated compound added. The time and amounts of addition of the unphosphorylated compound can easily be determined for each fermentation by adding the unphosphorylated compound until some toxicity is observed, such as inhibition of the phosphorylation. Also, if at the end of the fermentation cycle there remains unphosphorylated cmpound, then smaller levels of unphosphorylated compound should be used and/or the time of addition should be altered.

An alternate procedure for phosphorylating lincomycin or an analog thereof, or celesticetin, is by incubating a cell-free extract of a Streptomyces culture, containing the necessary phosphorylating enzyme, with the compound to be phosphorylated. The cell-free extract can be prepared from a 24-hour old Streptomyces culture. The incubation can be conducted at a temperature of 26 C. to 32 C. The time of the incubation will vary with the amount of compound being phosphorylated. For example, an incubation time of less than 24 hours is sufficient to phosphorylate 50 'y/ml. lincomycin to lincomycin-3- phosphate.

When a cell-free Streptomyces culture extract is used to phosphorylate a compound as defined herein, the amount of the unphosphorylated compound which can be added will depend on the capacity of the culture extract to phosphorylate all the compound added. This level can be determined by gradually adding higher levels of the unphosphorylated compound to the culture extract until there is evidence that the unphosphorylated compound being added is not being phosphorylated. Since the in vitro antibacterial activity of the unphosphorylated compound is lost upon phosphorylation at the 3 position of the molecule, the presence of in vitro antibacterial activity in a culture extract 24 hours after addition of the unphosphorylated compound is evidence that the capacity of the culture extract to phosphorylate the unphosphorylated compound has been exceeded. The in vitro antibacterial activity, mentioned above, can be ascertained on a standard microbiological plate assay against the microorganism Sarcina lutea.

A variety of procedures can be employed in the isolation and purification of the compounds produced in the subject invention, for example, solvent extraction, liquidliquid distribution in a Craig apparatus, liquid ion exchange extraction, adsorption on a suitable adsorbent, for

example, carbon, and column chromatography. In a preferred recovery process, the phosphorylated compounds are isolated from a fermentation beer, or cell-free extract system, as herein described, by filtration. The filtrate is then passed over a suitable absorbent, for example, activated carbon or Amberlite XAD-2 (a resin sold by Rohm and Haas C0.) to remove water-soluble impurities which may interfere with the subsequent chromatography step.

' The eluate from the carbon or Amerlite XAD-2 resin is then passed through a chromatography column containing an anion exchange resin, for example, Dowex-l (X-4) in the acetate form (sold by Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan). Fractions are collected from the chromatography column and assayed for activity against the microorganism S. luzea before and after treatment of the fractions with alkaline phosphatase as hereinafter described. Fractions having the highest activity against S. lutea upon test with alkaline phosphatase are pooled, concentrated, then subjected to countercurrent distribution in a Craig apparatus using a solvent system consisting of n-butanolwater (1:1 v./v.).

Lincomycin 3-phosphate and the 3-phosphate of lincomycin analogues are essentially inactive against bacteria in vitro. Thus, these phosphate compounds are detected in vitro reaction mixtures, such as described above, by treating hydrolysates, or other mixtures containing the 3-phosphate compounds, with alkaline phosphatase. For example, the reaction mixture for the action of alkaline phosphatase on lincomycin-S-phosphate consists of 0.5 ml. Tris buffer (0.5 M), pH 8.0, 0.5 ml. alkaline phosphatase (1 mg./ml.) stock made up in Tris buffer (0.5 M), pH 8.0, 0.05 ml. (50 mcg.) of lincomycin-3- phosphate. This reaction mixture is incubated overnight at 28 C. The phosphatase removes the 3-phosphate group and the lincomycin compound then shows antibacterial activity in vitro.

Illustrative of Streptomyces which can be used in the process of the invention are S. l'ochei, NRRL 3512; S. vendargensis, NRRL 3530; S. coelicolor 1945, NRRL 3531; S. coelicolor Mijller, NRRL 3532; Actinomyces (Streptomyces) cylindrosporous 3166 CCM, NRRL 3535; Actinomyces (Streptomyces) cyaneofuscatus, NRRL 3534; S. rochei, NRRL 3533; and S. armentosus, NRRL 3176. These cultures are available, without restriction, from the Northern Utilization and Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Ill., USA.

It has been found that clindamycin is phosphorylated in whole cell systems most readily in comparison with lincomycin and other lincomycin and clindamycin analogs, for example, l-demethylclindamycin and 1'-de methyl- -pentyl clindamycin. When a cell-free extract of a Streptomyces culture is used, all starting compounds of the invention are phosphorylated with equal facility.

The compounds of the invention are amphoteric compounds and can exist in different ionic forms according to the pH of the environment. At low pH the compounds exist in the acid-addition salt form, at a higher pH in a zwitterion form, and at a still higher pH in a metal salt form. The latter can be a neutral salt (two equivalents of base for each mole of lincomycin-3-phosphate), an acid or mono salt (one equivalent of base for each mole of lincomycin-3-phospl1ate), or a hemi salt (one-half equivalent of base for each mole of lincomycin-3-phosphate). By addition of appropriate amounts of suitable acids and bases, any of these various forms can be isolated. The acid addition salts include those of strong organic or inorganic acids having a pK equal to or less than that of phosphate, for example, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, and like acids.

Acid and neutral salts include the alkaline metal (including ammonia) and alkaline earth metal (including magnesium and aluminum) salts obtained by neutralizing an acid form with the appropriate base, for example, ammonium hydroxide, sodium and potassium hydroxides, or alkoxides, calcium, or magnesium hydroxides, and the like. The acid and neutral salts also include amine salts obtained by neutralizing an acid form with a basic amine, for example, mono-, di-, and trimethylamines, mono-, di-, and triethylamines, mono-, di-, and tripropylamines (isoand normal), ethyldimethylamine, benzyldiethylamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, dibenzylamine, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, bis (orthomethoxy phenylisopropyl)amine, and like lower-aliphatic, lower-cycloaliphatic radicals containing up to and including eight carbon atoms; heterocyelic amines such as piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, and the lower-alkyl derivatives wherein lower alkyl contains 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive thereof such as l-methylpiperidine, 4- ethylmorpholine, 1 isopropylpyrrolidine, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, l-n-butylpiperidine, Z-methylpiperidine, and 1-ethyl-2-methylpiperidine; amines containing Water solubilizing or hydrophilic groups such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamines, ethyldiethanolamine, n butyl monoethanolamine, Z-amino-l-butanol, 2 amino-2-ethyI-1,3- propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol, tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, phenylmonoethanolamine, ptertiaryamylphenyldiethanolamine, and galactamine, N- methylglucamine, N-methylglucosamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, epinephrine, and procaine; tetraethylammonium hydroxide; and guanidine. The various forms can be used interchangeably but for most purposes the zwitterion form and the hemi-ammonium salt form are preferred.

Further, the invention relates to a process for the therapeutic treatment of humans and animals hosting susceptible microbial disease-producing microorganisms (bacterial and other microparasites) and the prophylactic treatment of a disease-susceptible host comprising the administration of the 3-phosphate esters or a pharmacologically acceptable salt to the host.

The compositions of the present invention are useful in the same manner as lincomycin and celesticetin in the treatment of humans, birds, and animals for various pathological conditions. The compositions provide a means for administering the therapeutic ingredient by the oral and parenteral routes for systemic treatment. The compositions provide a method of therapy for tonsillitis, pneumonia, otitis, conjunctivitis, boils, carbuncles and other infections conditions of humans due to the presence of bacteria. In animals, the compositions can be used prophylactically. For example, rats can be protected from Streptococcus viridans during shipment. Animals raised for meat can be given prophylactic treatment for increased weight gain.

Mammals hosting a parasitic protozoan of the class Sporazoa, order Coccidia (a microparasite producing the disease coccidiosis) can be treated by administration of the compositions of the present invention. For example cattle infected with E. zurniz", E. bovis, E. illipsordalis; sheep and goats with E. parva, E. faurei; swine with E. debliecki, E. scabra, and Isospora suic; dogs and cats with Isospora bigemina, Isopora felis, E. canis, E. felini; poultry with E. tenella; rabbits with E. steedae, E. perfo'ran-s; and mink with E. mustelae can be treated.

The compositions are also useful in the treatment of diseases caused by members of the genus Mycoplasma, the most commonly known forms are PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organisms.) such as M. hominis, M. salivarium, M. mycoides, M. hyopneumonia, M. hyorhinis, M. gallisepticum, M. arthrr'ditis and other species in man and animals, including domestic animals such as sheep, cattle, swine, and poultry (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats and mice).

The compositions find application in the treatment of kidney and other infections when L forms of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are present, for example, L forms of P. mirabilis.

The 3-phosphate esters and salts disclosed herein are presented for oral and parenteral administration in solid and liquid unit dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, pills, sterile parenteral solutions and suspensions, and oil solutions and suspensions, and oralwater emulsions.

Powders are prepared by comminuting the 3-phosphate to a suitably fine size and mixing with a similarly comminuted diluent. The diluent can be edible carbohydrate material such as starch or lactose. Advantageously, a sweetening agent or sugar is present as well as a flavoring material. Dry granulations for reconstitution with water are prepared utilizing water-soluble diluents'. A powder mixture of a finely divided 3-phosphate and a water-soluble diluent such as sucrose, glucose, and the like, is wetted with a binder such as acacia mucilage or gelatin solution and forced through a screen to form granules which are allowed to dry. Advantageously, a thickening or suspending agent such as methylcellulose is present as well as a wetting agent and flavoring oil.

Capsules are produced by preparing a powder mixture as hereinbefore described and filling into formed gelatin sheaths. Advantageously, as an adjuvant to the filling operation, a lubricant such as talc, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate is added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.

Tablets are made by preparing a powder mixture, wet granulating or dry granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant, and pressing into tablets. The powder mixture is presented by mixing the 3-phosphate suitably comminuted, with a diluent or base such as starch, lactose, kaolin, dicalcium phosphate and the like. The powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as corn syrup, gelatin solution, methylcellulose solution or acacia mucilage and forcing through a screen. As an alternative granulating procedure, the powder mixture can be slugged, i.e., run through the tablet machine and the resulting large tablets (slugs) broken into granules. The granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet-forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc, or mineral oil. The lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets. Advantageously, the tablet can be provided with a protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of sugar and methylcellulose, and a polish coating of carnauba wax.

Oral fluids are prepared in unit dosage forms such as syrups and elixirs wherein each teaspoonful of composition contains a predetermined amount of the 3-phosphate for administration.

A syrup is prepared by dispersing the 3-phosphate in a suitable flavored aqueous sucrose solution. Similarly, an elixir is prepared utilizing a hydro-alcoholic vehicle. Elixirs are advantageous vehicles for use when a solution is desired of a compound showing low solubility in water and good solubility in an aqueous-alcoholic medium.

For parenteral administration, sterile fluid unit dosage forms can be prepared. In preparing the parenteral form, a measured amount of the 3-phosphate is placed in a vial; the vial and its contents sterilized and sealed. An accompanying vial of sterile water can be conveniently provided as a vehicle to form a suspension or solution (depending on water-solubility of compound) prior to administration. Advantageously, the sterile water can have dissolved therein a suspending agent, local anesthetic, and buffering agents.

Alternatively, a parenteral suspension having prolonged action can be prepared by suspending the 3-phosphate in a parenterally acceptable vegetable oil with or without additional adjuvants.

The term unit dosage form as used in the specification and claims refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to the desired dosage in association with the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier, or vehicle. The specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of this invention are dictated by and are directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active material for therapeutic use as disclosed in detail in this specification, these being features of the present invention. Examples of suitable unit dosage forms in accord with this invention are tablets, capsules, powder packets, granules, wafers, teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls, dropperfuls, ampuls, vials, segregated multiples of any of the foregoing, and other forms as herein described. The unit dosage forms compounded with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier contain, in the preferred embodiments, from 25 mg. to 500 mg. of 3-phosphate or its pharmacologically acceptable salts per dosage unit and 5 to 65% w./v. for parenteral preparations.

The amount of 3-phosphate or salts thereof that is to be administered depends on the age and weight of the patient, the particular condition to be treated, and the route of administration. A dose of from about 1 mg./ kg./day to about 50 mg./kg./day is preferred for systemic treatment.

The following examples are illustrative of the process and products of the present invention, but are not to be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE 1.--Lincornycin L v-phosphate (A) Fermentation.-A soil stock of Streptomyces rochei, NRRL 3512, is used to inoculate a series of 500- ml. Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing ml. of sterile, seed medium consisting of the following ingredients:

G./liter Glucose monohydrate 25 Pharmamedia 25 Tap water q.s., balance.

Pharmamedia is an industrial gradt of cottonseed flour produced by Traders Oil Mill Company, Fort Worth, Tex.

The shake flasks are grown for 3 days at 28 C. on a rotary shaker.

Seed inoculum (20 ml.), prepared as described above, is used to inoculate each of a series of SO-ml. Erlen meyer flasks each containing 100 ml. of sterile, fermentation medium consisting of the following ingredients:

G./liter Sucrose 30 Sodium nitrate 3 Dipotassium phosphate 1 Magnesium sulphate 0.5 Potassium chloride 0.5

Ferrous sulphate 0.01 Tap water, balance.

50 mg./1iter lincomycin hydrochloride is added to the fermentation flask broth after autoclaving and before inoculation.

The fermentation flasks are grown for two days at 37 C. on a rotary shaker. The phosphorylating reaction in the fermentation flask is followed by measuring the loss of lincomycin activity using an S. lutea standard curve assay. Approximately 80-90% of the added lincomycin is phosphorylated to an antibacteri-ally inactive form in vitro in 48 hrs. The S. lurea assay is conducted as follows: The assay is on agar buffered to pH 6-8 with pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (0.1 M). A unit volume (0.08 ml.) of solution containing the material to be assayed is placed on a 12.7 mm. assay disc which is then placed on an agar plate seeded with the assay microorganism. A biounit is that amount of material which, when contained in one ml. of solution, gives a zone of inhibition of 20 mm.

(B) Recovery.The above fermentation is scaled up into fermentation tank to produce 4900 liters of fermentation beer containing lincomycin 3-phosphate. The lincomycin 3-phosphate is recovered from the whole beer by first filtering the whole beer with the aid of 2% diatom'aceous filter aid. The clear beer is then extracted with 400 liters of Skellysolve B (isomeric hexanes). The pH of the clear beer is adjusted to a pH of about 5.9 and then extracted With about 450 liters of a 9% solution of sodium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (NaDNNS) in Skellysolve B. This extraction is repeated once. A third extraction of the beer is conducted with 300 liters of Skellysolve B. All of the above extracts are pooled and washed with 200 liters of water. The Washed NaDNNS extract is extracted with 800 liters of 25% Aliquat 336 (tricaprylmethylammonium chloride) in Skellysolve B and 200 liters of Water. The extract is then extracted two more times with water and the aqueous is extracted with 200 liters of Skellysolve B. The pH of the aqueous is adjusted to 4.0 and concentrated down to 185 liters in vacuo. Activated carbon (11.2 kg.) is added to this concentrate and the mixture agitated for 30 minutes. Filter aid (4 kg.) is added to the carbon mixture and the mixture is then filtered. The resulting cake is washed with liters of water, followed by 5% acetone. The cake is then extracted 3 times with 25% acetone using 180 liters each time. The 25 acetone eluates are pooled, concentrated in vacuo, and freeze dried to give a freeze-dried preparation of lincomycin 3-phosphate.

Upon subjecting this freeze-dried preparation of lincomycin 3-phosphate to chromatography column purification followed by counter current distribution as described in Example 2 for the preparation of clindamycin-3-phosphate, there is obtained a pure prepartion of lincomycin I i-phosphate zwitterion.

Characterization of lincomycin-3-phosphate Infrared spectrum.The infrared absorption spectrum of lincomycin-3-phosphate Zwitterion suspended in mineral oil mull is shown by the peaks at the following wave lengths expressed in reciprocal centimeters:

3330 (s) 1160 (s 3070 (s) 1092 s 2920 (=S)(oil) 1070 (s 2850 (8) (oil) 1048 s) 2730 (M) (S) 2400 (M) 970 s 1670 s 925 (s 1565 (s 877 (s 1535 (s) 845 (-M) 1460 (S)(oil) 777 (M) 1375 (S)(oil) 735 (M) 1300 (s 720 (M) 1240 s The infrared absorption spectrum of lincomycin-3-phosphate zwitterion pressed in a KBr disc is shown by the peaks at the following wavelengths expressed in reciprocal centimeters:

3400 (S) 1305 (S) 3250 (S) 1255 (S) 3070 (S) 1180 (S) 2960 (S) 1090 (S) 2930 ('S) 1070 (S) 2870 (S) 1048 (S) 1675 (S) 995 (S) 1650 (S) 975 ('S) 1620 (S) 920 (S) 1563 -(S) 878 (S) 1537 (M) 843 1460 (M) 780 (M) 1450 (M) 740 (M) 1382 (S) 700 (M) 1320 (S) Hydrolysis rate: In pooled human serum lincomycin 3-phosphate hydrolyzes significantly slower than lincomycin-Z-phosphate.

Titration: Equivalent Weight found :289.

Specific rotation: [0115 +127 (c. 0.689 water).

In vivo antibacterial activity of lincomycin-3-phosphate: CD is approximately 30 mg. kg. (subcutaneously, S. aureus infected mice.)

EXAMPLE 2.Clindamycin-3ephosphate '(A) Fermentation.A soil stock of Streptomyces coelicolor, NRRL 3532, is used to inoculate a series of 500-ml. Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 100 ml.

of sterile, seed medium consisting the following ingredients:

G./liter Glucose monohydrate 25 Pharmamedia 25 Tap water q.s., balance.

The shake flasks are grown for three days at 28 C. on a rotary shaker.

Seed inoculum ml.), prepared as described above, is used to inoculate each of a series of 500-rn1. Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 100 ml. sterile, fermentation Clindamycin, 50 mg./liter, is added to each fermentation flask 24 hours after inoculation. The fermentation flasks are grown for 2 days at 28 C. on a rotary shaker. The phosphorylation reaction is followed by measuring the loss of clindamycin activity using an S. lutea assay. Presence of clindamycin-3-phosphate is determined by incubation of the inactive beer with alkaline phosphatase at pH 8.0 and Tris buffer, and assaying the reaction mixture against S. lutea.

(B) Recovery.Whole beer (approximately 12 liters), obtained from a fermentation as described above, is filtered using diatomaceous earth as a filter aid. The cake is washed with 2 liters' of water. The aqueous wash is combined with the clear beer and the combined clear beer-wash is treated with an absorbent, for example, carbon or Amberlite XAD-2 (sold by Rohm and Haas Co.) in order to remove water-soluble impurities which tend to reduce the efiiciency of subsequent chromatography. The absorption column is prepared by slurrying about 600 g. of absorbent (carbon or Amberlite XAD-2) in water, pouring the slurry into a glass column (2" inside diameter), and allowing the slurry to settle under atmospheric pressure. The clear beer-Wash, described above, is passed through the column. The spent beer is collected as one fraction and labeled A. The column is then washed with Water. The aqueous wash is collected and labeled fraction B. The column is then eluted with 5 liters of 60% aqueous methanol. A total of 200 fractions are collected. The column is then eluted with 2 liters of aqueous methanol. This eluate is collected as one fraction. All fractions collected are tested for activity against the microorganism S. lutea before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase in order to determine the presence of clindamycin-3-phosphate. The results of these tests are presented below:

Zone size (mm) Fractions 25-200 obtained by elution of the column with 60% aqueous methanol are combined and the solution labeled C (approximately 4 liters). This material is then chromatographed over an anion exchange chromatographio column. The column is filled with Dowex-l (X-4) in the acetate form supplied by Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan. Solution C (4 liters) from the absorbent column, described above, is adjusted to a pH of 10.0 with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and the alkaline solution is passed through the chromatography column. The efliuent is collected in four l-liter fractions which are designated Spent-1, Spent-2, Spent-3, and Spent-4. The column is then washed with 2 liters of water and labeled Aqueous Wash. The column is then eluted with 5% aqueous acetic acid. Fractions of 20 ml. are collected. Selected fractions were tested for activity against S. lutea before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Re-

sults are reported below.

Zone size (mm) Control (before After alkaline phosphatase phosphatase Description treatment) treatment Starting material (solution C) 23 43 Spent: 1 20. 21 2. 21 22 3- 21. 5 21. 5 4 20. 5 23 Aqueous wash 1 1 5% acetic acid-Fraction No,-

Fractions 22-70, obtained by elution of the column with 5% aqueous acetic acid, are combined and the solution is freeze dried to give 2.59 g. of a preparation 3 labeled D. 2 g. of this preparation D is subjected to countercurrent distribution using a solvent system consisting of n-butanol water 1:1 v./v.). The countercurrent distribution machine holds 10 ml./phase and the distribution is for 500 transfers. After 500 transfers, selected tubes are analyzed for S. lutea activity, as described above, before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Fractions 200-300 are combined. The solu tion is concentrated to dryness in vacuo and the residue is then dissolved in 5 ml. of methanol. This solution is 4 mixed with acetone, ether, and 1 ml. of 1 N methanolic hydrogen chloride. The resulting precipitate of clindamycin-3-phosphate is isolated by filtration, and dried; yield, 300 mg. The characterization of this preparation of cli-ndamycin-S-phosphate is as follows:

Infrared Spectrum.The infrared absorption spectrum of clindamycin-3-phosphate suspended in mineral oil mull is shown by the peaks at the following wave lengths expressed in reciprocal centimeters:

The IR. spectrum of clindamycin-3-phosphate pressed in a KBr disc is shown by the peaks at the following wave lengths expressed in reciprocal centimeters:

3430 (S) 1560 (M) 1095 (S) 3230 (S) 1540 (W) 1073 (S) 3070 ('S) 1455 (W) 1045 (M) 2960 (S) 1384 (M) 989 (W) 2930 (S) 1315 (W) 930 (W) 2870 (S) 1255 (M) 880 (W) 1685 (S) 1220 (M) 855 (W) 1680 (S) 1150 (M) 780 (W) 12 Band intensities in the LR. spectra, disclosed herein, are indicated as S M, and W, respectively, and are approximated in terms of the backgrounds in the vicinity of the bands. An S band is of the same order 5 of intensity as the strongest in the spectrum; M bands are between one-third and two-thirds as intense as the strongest band, and W bands are less than one-third as intense as the strongest hand. These estimates are made on the basis of a percent transmission scale.

In vivo antibacterial activity of clindamycin-3-phosphate: CD is 15 (1023) h1g7 kg. (subcutaneously, Staphylococcus aureus infected mice).

Clindamycin-3-phosphate is inactive in vitro against the following microorganisms up to and including a level of 1000 7 per ml. of clindamycin-B-phosphate:

B. subtilis S. schottmuelleri S. aureus Proteus vulgaris M.R. M. avium S. lutea K. pneumoniae S. pastorianus E. coli EXAMPLE 3.1'-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate Whole beer (approximately 12 liters), obtained from a fermentation as described in Example 2 wherein 1'-demethylclindamycin is added to the fermentation medium at a level of 50 'y/mL, is filtered using diatomaceous earth as filter aid. The resulting cake is washed with 1 liter of Water. The aqueous wash is combined with the clear beer and the combined clear beer-wash is chromatographed over a chromatography column. The column is Dowex-l (X-4) in the acetate form. The clear beerwash, described above, is adjusted to pH 10.0 with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and this solution is passed through the column. The eflluent is collected in three 4- liter fractions designated Spent-1, Spent-2, and Spent-3. The column is then washed with 4 liters of water collected in two 2-liter fractions designated Wash-1 and Wash-2. The column is then eluted with a 5% aqueous acetic acid solution. Seven l-liter-fractions are collected and these are designated Eluate-l to Eluate-7, respectively. All fractions are tested for activity against S. lutea before and after alkaline phosphatase treatment. Eluates 2 to 7 are then combined and the solution is freeze dried to give 16.98 g. of a freeze-dried preparation containing 1-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate. This material is subjected to countercurrent distribution using a solvent system consisting of n-butanol-water (1:1 v./v.). The countercurrent distribution machine holds 10 ml./ phase. After 500 transfers, selected tubes are analyzed for S. lutea activity before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Fractions in tubes 220-250 are pooled and concentrated to an aqueous and the solution freeze-dried; yield, 370 mg. of 1'-demethylclinda1nycin-3-phosphate.

1'-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate has the following structural formula:

wherein 13 EXAMPLE 4.-l'-dernethyl-4'-depropyl-4-pentylclindamycin-S-phosphate Whole beer (approximately 12 liters), obtained from a fermentation as described in Example 2 wherein 1'-demethy1-4-depropyl-4'-pentyl-clindamycin is added to the fermentation medium at a level of 50 'y/ml. is filtered using diatomaceous earth as filter aid. The resulting cake is washed with 1 liter of water. The aqueous wash is combined with the clear beer and the combined clear beerwash is chromatographed on a chromatography column. The column is a Dowex-l (X-4) in the acetate form. The chromatographic process described above in Example 3 is followed. The fractions collected are tested for .S. lutea activity before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Eluates 2-7 are combined and the solution is freezedried to give 18.63 g. of a freeze-dried preparation of 1'- demethyl- '-depropyl 4'-pentyl-clindamycin-3-phosphate. This material is purified by subjecting it to countercurrent distribution as described above in Example 3. After 500 transfers, selected tubes are analyzed for S. lutea activity before and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Fractions from tubes 380-400 are pooled, concentrated to an aqueous solution which is then freeze-dried to a preparation containing 1'-demethyl-4 depropyl-4-pentyl-clindamycin-3-phosphate.

l-demethyl-4-depropyl 4-pentyl-clindamycin-3-phosphate has the following structural formula:

EXAMPLE 5 Upon substituting 4'-depropyl-4'-ethyl lincomycin in the fermentation medium in Example 1 for lincomycin, there is obtained 4'-depropyl-4'-ethyl lincomycin-3-phosphate.

EXAMPLE 6 Upon substituting 1'-demethyl-1-ethyl lincomycin in the fermentation medium in Example 1 for lincomycin, there is obtained 1-demethyl-1'-ethyl 1incomycin-3-phosphate.

EXAMPLE 7 Upon substituting 1-demethyl lincomycin in the fermentation medium in Example 1 for lincomycin, there is obtained 1'-demethyl lincomycin-3-phosphate.

EXAMPLE 8 Upon substituting celesticetin in the fermentation medium in Example 2 for clinimycin, there is obtained celesticetin-3-phosphate.

EXAMPLE 9 The unphosphorylated compounds of Examples 1-8 are separately incubated with a cell-free extract of a Streptomyces culture grown in a modified Czapeks-Dox medium. Cells are disrupted by either sonicating 4 minutes in 0.04 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, or glycylglycine buffer, 0.1 M, pH 8.0, or lysing with egg white lysozyme for 1 hr. at 28 C. Modified Czapeks-Dox medium consists of the following:

1 1 liter H2O pH 7.2 before autoelaving pH 7.2 after autoclaving.

Lysates or sonicates are spun at 30,000 G for 20 minutes to yield a cell-free active supernatant stable to storage in liquid nitrogen. The reaction mixture and reagent for the transphosphorylation reaction are as follows:

Reagent:

Adenosine triphosphate0.1 m., pH 8.0 MgCl 0.2 m. Glycylglycine0.1 m., pH 8.0 Reaction mixture: 0.1 m. MgCl 0.1 ml. Adenosine triphosphate 0.2 ml. Substrate (e.g. unphosphorylated compound.) 0.5 ml. Enzyme in glycylglycine or phosphate buffer Incubate 24 hrs. at 28 C.

Upon completion of the above reaction, there is obtained the phosphorylated compounds disclosed in Examples 1-8.

EXAMPLE 10 Part A.-Lincomycin-3-phosphate diammonium salt Lincomycin-S-phosphate in the zwitterionic form is dissolved in a minimum amount of water and diluted with an equal amount of ethanol. The solution is cooled in an ice-water bath and then saturated with ammonia gas. The white precipitate of diammonium phosphate is removed by filtration and the filtrate is taken to dryness at 30 C. under high vacuum. The residue is dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and diluted with 5 volumes of ether to precipitate lincomycin-3-phosphate as the ammonium salt.

Part B.Lincomycin-3-phosphate hemi-arnmonium salt The hemi-ammonium salt is obtained in the following manner. A solution of 1.0 gram of ammonium lincomycin-S-phosphate of Part A is dissolved in 4 ml. water. The colorless solution is diluted with 0.25 ml. acetic acid and then diluted with 30 ml. acetone (the point of incipient turbidity). Crystallization occurs very rapidly. After cooling in a refrigerator for eight hours, the crystals are isolated by filtration, Washed with 5 ml. acetonewater (-5) and then with 20 ml. acetone. The white crystalline compound of lincomycin-3-phosphate hemiammonium salt is isolated by filtration and dried.

EXAMPLE l1.Aqueous oral drops Gm. Lincomycin-B-phosphate Propyl paraben 0.25 Methyl paraben 0.75 Sorbic acid 1.0

Sodium hydroxide, 4 N aqueous q.s. to pH 7.5 Water, deionized q.s., 1000 ml.

EXAMPLE l2.Syrup An aqueous oral preparation containing 400 mg. of lincomycin-S-phosphate in each five milliliters is prepared from the following ingredients:

Lincomycin-3-phosphate gms 800 Methylparaben, U.S.P. do 7.5 Propylparaben, U.S.P. do 2.5 Sorbic acid do 10 Saccharin sodium do 6.5 Glycerin ml 3000 Tragacanth powder gms 100 Orange oil flavor -do 10 ED. & C. orange dye d 7.5 Sodium hydroxide, 4 N aqueous q.s. pH 7.5

Deionized water q.s., 10,000 ml.

In place of lincomycin-3-phosphate in Examples 11 and 12, there can be substituted 7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-3-phosphate, as well as the water soluble salts of lincomycin-3-phosphate and 7(S)-chloro 7 deoxylincomycin-3-phosphate, for example, the alkali metal salts including the ammonium salt. Either the herni-, mono-, or di-salt can be used.

The aqueous formulations of Examples 11 and 12 are particularly useful as pediatric preparations and can be administered orally in the same dosages as lincomycin.

EXAMPLE l3.-Capsules One thousand two-piece hard gelatin capsules for oral use, each containing 350 mg. of l'-demethylclindamycin- 3-phosphate are prepared from the following types and amounts of materials:

Gms.

1-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate 350 Corn starch 50 Talc 25 Magnesium stearate 2.5

The materials are thoroughly mixed and then encapsulated in the usual manner.

The foregoing capsules are useful for the systemic treatment of infection in adult humans by the oral administration of 1 capsule every 4 hours.

Using the procedure above, capsules are similarly prepared with 1'-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate in 50, 125, 250, and 500 mg. amounts by substituting 50, 125, 250, and 500 gm. of 1-demethylclindamycin-3-phosphate for the 350 gm. used above.

EXAMPLE 14.Tablets One thousand tablets for oral use, each containing 500 mg. of 1' demethyl-4'-depropyl-4'-pentyl-clindamycin-3- phosphate are prepared from the following types and amounts of materials:

Gram

1' demethyl-4'-depropyl 4' pentylclindamycin-3- phosphate 500 Lactose 50 Corn starch 65 Magnesium stearate 3 Light liquid petrolatum 3 The ingredients are thoroughly mixed and slugged. The slugs are broken down by forcing through a number sixteen screen. The resulting granules are then compressed into tablets, each tablet containing 500 mg. of active material.

The foregoing tablets are useful for systemic treatment of infections in adult humans by oral administration of 1 tablet every 4 hours.

Using the above procedure, except for reducing the amount of active material to 200 gm, tablets containing 200 mg. of active material are prepared.

16 EXAMPLE 15.Parenteral preparation A sterile aqueous preparation for intramuscular use, containing in 1 ml. 300 mg. of celesticetin-3-phosphate is prepared from the following types and amounts of materials:

Gram Celesticetin-3-phosphate 300 Benzyl alcohol 9 Water for injection, q.s., 1000 ml.

The sterile drug is dispersed in the sterile benzyl alcohol-water vehicle and filled into vials and the vials sealed.

EXAMPLE 16.Animal feed One thousand gm. of a feed mix is prepared from the following types and amounts of ingredients: 1

Gram 4'-depropyl-4'-ethyl lincomycin-3-phosphate 20 Soybean meal 400 Fish meal 400 Wheat germ oil 50 Sorghum molasses The ingredients are mixed together and pressed into pellets.

The composition can be fed to laboratory animals, i.e., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits for prophylaxis during shipping.

For larger animals the composition can be added to the animals regular feed in an amount calculated to give the desired dose of active material.

EXAMPLE 17.--Parenteral preparation A sterile aqueous preparation for intramuscular use, containing in 1 ml. 300 mg. of linocomycin-3-phosphate is prepared from the following types and amounts of materials:

Gram Lincomycin-3-phosphate 300 Benzyl alcohol 9 Water for injection, q.s. 1000 ml.

H l R1. C N

ll 0 HO wherein R is CH C H or R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlo- 17 rine or bromine, each in the R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and, P is and its pharmacologically acceptable salts as an essential active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

2. A therapeutic composition for treating an infected human or animal hosting a bacterial or protozoan organism comprising from about to about 65% of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and P is and its pharmacologically acceptable salts as an essential active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutical vehicle.

3. A sterile composition for treating an infected human or animal hosting a bacterial or protozoan organism for parenteral administration comprising from about 5% to about 65 W./v., of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

l a N wherein R iS CH3, C2H5 Or R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or 'C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and, P is and its pharmacologically acceptable salts as an essential active ingredient in combination with a sterile vehicle.

4. The process for treating an infected human or animal hosting a bacterial or protozoan organism which comprises administering to the said infected host a therapeutic amount for treating bacterial or protozoan organism of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

R2 1, CH

wherein R is CH C H or R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or -OCH and, P is and its pharmacologically acceptable salts in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

5. The process, according to claim 4, which comprises administering to the infected host, in unit dosage form, from about 25 to about 500 mg. of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and P is and its pharmacologically acceptable salts in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

6. A process, according to claim 4, which comprises administering to the infected host from about 1 mg./kg.

to about 50 mg./kg. per day of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

R is H, or cis or trans loWer-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the ('R) or (S) configuration, or -OCH and, P is ii OH in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

7. A process of prophylactic treatment of a human or animal susceptible to hosting a bacterial or protozoan organism comprising administering to said human or animal host an effective prophylactic amount of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

wherein R is CH C H or 20 R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and, P is it OK and its pharmacologically acceptable salts in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

8. A process, according to claim 7, which comprises administering to a human or animal susceptible of hosting a bacterial or protozoan organism, in unit dosage form, from about 25 to about 500 mg. of a member selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula:

R2 '1 CH3 H R C I wherein R is CH C H or R is H, or cis or trans lower-alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive; R is H, CH or C H X is OH, chlorine, or bromine, each in the (R) or (S) configuration, or OCH and, [P is /OH it O\OH and its pharmacologically acceptable salts in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,415,811 10/1968 Argoudelis et a1. 424-181 3,346,635 10/1968 Bannister et a1. 424--181 JEROME D. GOLDBERG, Primary Examiner 

